Model Architectures

How AI models are built — transformers, attention mechanisms, mixture-of-experts, and the design decisions that shape capability.

Geometric illustration of a decoder-only transformer generating tokens sequentially through causal masked attention layers
MONA explainer 10 min

What Is Decoder-Only Architecture and How Autoregressive LLMs Generate Text Token by Token

Decoder-only architecture powers every major LLM today. Learn how causal masking, KV cache, and autoregressive …

Diagram showing encoder hidden states branching into attention-weighted paths reaching a decoder network
MONA explainer 10 min

From Context Vectors to Cross-Attention: How Encoder-Decoder Design Overcame the Bottleneck Problem

The encoder-decoder bottleneck crushed long sequences into one vector. Learn how attention replaced compression with …